Climate proxies and a comparison with modern Ultisols with similar features suggest that these paleosols formed under a broadly tropical-temperate and humid-subhumid climate with distinct seasonality. Using detailed sedimentology and paleopedology (macro- and micromorphology), bulk paleosol geochemistry and clay mineralogy, and organic carbon concentrations and stable isotope (δ¹☼org) compositions, we show that the Las Flores and Koluel-Kaike paleosols are overall Ultisol-like paleosols, mineralogically and chemically consistent with a high to high-moderate degree of weathering, and developed on different parent materials (sedimentary with sandy and silty texture vs. In order to reconstruct the paleoenvironment for the Las Flores and Koluel-Kaike formations, we performed a multiproxy and coordinated study of sediments and paleosols of both units, considering abiotic components. The Eocene Las Flores and Koluel-Kaike formations in southern Patagonia (~48° S, Golfo San Jorge Basin, Argentina) are pedogenically modified fluvial and fluvio-eolian successions, respectively, which document early-middle Eocene environments at mid-paleolatitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. Although truncation of soil profile can limit sampling of the upper part of the B horizons in some paleosols, in this study only uppermost preserved B horizon (i.e., Bt and Btv horizons located in the top 10-20 cm of profiles) samples were input into CIA-K climofunction and PPM 1.0, in accordance with the data used to calibrate the equations and model following the protocol of Sheldon et al.

(2016), a data-driven paleosol-paleoclimate model that includes measurements of eleven major and minor oxides, with a root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) based on validation modelling = ± 512 mm/yr − 1 (Stinchcomb et al., 2016). (2019) to R 2 = 0.27 and a standard error = ± 564 mm/yr − 1, and (2) the PPM 1.0 model of Stinchcomb et al.

Mean annual precipitation (MAP) was estimated using (1) the relationship MAP (mm) = 221e 0.0197(CIA− K), where R 2 = 0.72 and standard error is ☑82 mm/yr (Sheldon et al., 2002), which was recently updated with an expanded calibration dataset by Lukens et al.

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